International Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Finance - Essay Example However, there is no guarantee that it will limit the risks of foreign currency exchange. Therefore, losses or gains in the exchange of currency will impact on cash flows through reduced growth in global operations. Exchange rate movements as it causes changes in the value of the local currency of revenues subject to foreign currency. However, if parity in purchasing power is desecrated, risks of exchange rates will affect both multinational firms and other firm with no direct link to international trade activities. This is because some local firms which import capital goods encounter asset pricings affected by exposure to exchange rates in the global capital market (Sinclair, 2005). In that case, cost of goods and services will be subject to original cost of capital and this will have an impact on the cash flows. Firms involved with international trade may overlook the country’s imports and exports in a foreign currency. As a result, this will change the value in assesment to domestic currency’s value (Dechow et al, 1999). This then will affect the pricing of domestic goods and services rendering it subject to international market prices dertemination. Anticipated cash flows of firms can be affected by exchange rates movements as it leads to shift in stock prices and returns. In the case of domestic firms, change in value of currency has an impact on the firms ability to import capital goods. Rise in the value of currency will put the domestic firms at a better position to acquire inputs from international market (Beenhakker, 2001). However, low value of currency makes it difficult to acqure capital goods from foreign countries. In that case, the cash flows to the firms will be subject to the inputs of the firm. Adequate invest of inputs will amount to increased cash flows while decreased cash flow results from low inputs. Acquisition of modern technology is determined by the rate of cash flows of firms. However, exposure exchange rates movements

How to eat Essay Example for Free

How to eat Essay Trash Trash by Andy Mulligan, an important event in the book is when the police go to the dumpsite looking for the bag. This event is important because it make Raphael, Gardo and Rat curious, it also makes the police angry because they can’t find the bag. The last reason is that it’s a catalyst to other events in the story. The story is about three boys in a third world country who earn a living by picking through rubbish. One day they find a bag, the contents of it put them into a terrifying adventure, fighting against corruption and authority. In the event I chose when the police go to the dumpsite looking for the bag. The police go to the dumpsite asking the residents including Raphael, Gardo and Rat if they found a bag, but the police didn’t get any answers. The first reason why the police going to the dumpsite looking for the bag is an important event, is because it makes Raphael, Gardo and Rat curious. It makes Raphael, Gardo and Rat curious because they had the bag and wanted to know why it was so important. The police said â€Å"We think this bag might have something important in it to help us solve a crime.† In other words, the police looking for the bag is an important part in the story, and if the police didn’t go to the dumpsite looking for the bag Raphael wouldn’t have gone looking for answers. The second reason why the police going to the dumpsite looking for the bag is an important event, is because it is a catalyst to other events in the story. If the police didn’t go to the dumpsite looking for the bag Raphael, Gardo and Rat wouldn’t have gone to the police station to find out why the bag is so important. Therefore, the police going to the dumpsite looking for the bag is a key part of the story. The last reason why the police going to the dumpsite looking for the bag is an important event, is because it makes the police angry because they can’t find the bag and that makes them interrogate Raphael and that shows how the police are corrupt because they beat Raphael. â€Å"What did you find?† said the boss â€Å"I didn’t find a bag, sir.† Raphael said. In summary the police going  to the dumpsite looking for the bag shows how the police are corrupt. In conclusion, in trash the police going to the dumpsite is an important event for three reasons. These are it is a catalyst to other events, it makes Raphael Gardo and Rat curious and it makes to police angry because they can’t find the bag. Andy Mulligan wrote this book to show the gap between the rich and the poor and how the police and government are corrupt. The police going to the dumpsite looking for the bag illustrates this by showing that the police will do anything to protect themselves and the government. This is a powerful life message.

Achieving Peace Through Militarism Essay -- Militarism

(the works cited are missing form this paper) The modern state’s approach to peace is primarily a justification for militarism and warfare. Examples of this include the proliferation of nuclear capabilities, the â€Å"war on terror,† and what time, money, and forces are dedicated to military action compared to peacekeeping missions through the U.N. The issue of nuclear warfare is a good example of militarism justified by supposed need for defense and security. Donald Davidson’s book explains that â€Å"the only conditions that justify killing are those necessary for the protection of human life, that is, defense of self and others (Davidson,1983).† However, a Quaker leader stated in 1982 that â€Å"the just-war theory is out of date. It makes nonsense when one is talking about nuclear weapons and nuclear war (Davidson, 1983).† He’s saying that when it comes to nuclear warfare, the Just War Doctrine becomes more or less useless and impossible to follow. When the Soviet Union and the U.S. were engaged in the Cold War, they built up their nuclear capabilities in an arms race claimed to be for safety and defense reasons. However, as these superpowers and their allies created their tens of thousands of nuclear weapons and stocked their arsenals, they continued to put the future of the human race in a more delicate and unstable position (Regehr, 1980). They developed more and more weapons including chemical, biological, and nuclear bombs, which led to counterforce weapons to fight against their military forces, which led to first strike weapons, which led to cruise missiles, leading up to the point where what they had set up seemed mad (Klare, 1978). In fact, their weaponry build up led to a term called Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), a form o... ... with the most power, influence, and military spending in the world. So if one of them does not want the U.N. to get involved in a situation, then they have the power to veto any decisions (Goldstein, 2008), making it more difficult for peace to be implemented in areas of their involvement. Even though modern states claim to strive for peace, there are many examples when their actions do not agree with that goal, instead focusing on militarism and warfare. This is shown through the creation and build up of nuclear weapons, the U.S.A.’s â€Å"war on terror,† and the world’s involvement and noninvolvement in the U.N.’s peacekeeping efforts. Hopefully the world will come to its senses one day and realize that their militaristic and destructive ways will not create a better world for anyone and will put turn their efforts and finances toward real peace and development plans.

browning :: essays research papers

Barrett Browning was one of the most brilliant poets of the Victorian Age. She was born in 1809 in London, England and was raised with an excellent classical school education. In her early teens she showed great signs of a genius. Many of her poems were written before she was just fifteen years of age. By looking at Elisabeth Barrett Browning she was delicate, but inside this fragile woman there was a superior spiritual and mental being. Browning’s first publication of poems written was â€Å"Essay On Mind, And Other Poems†. In 1846 at the age of thirty-seven she married her soul mate noted English poet, Robert Browning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As of all great poets life experiences are a large basis of inspiration in their works. Throughout the chapter of her life tragedy and health woes surrounded Browning. She had a blood vessel burst in her lungs and this forced her to stay confined home for an extended period of time. To better her healing process her doctor recommended her to move to a warmer climate. She relocated to Torquay, England and while she was there her brother and two of his friends drowned in a boating accident. This horrific accident had a profound effect on Browning and provided a hue of thought as well as feeling to her poetry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Truly understanding the personal history of Browning enables one to read her poetry and understand her being. After reading dozens of her poems all of them stood out and it was very difficult to just focus on five poems. I will discuss â€Å"Sonnets From The Portuguese† first. I came across the various sonnets in this piece a decade ago and believe her works to be one of the most romantic poems of all times. Browning wrote â€Å"Sonnets From The Portuguese† during the time she first met her husband and one can not help get the impression that it was likely dedicated to him. The love that was blossoming in her heart inspired her to write this literary masterpiece. Browning had various inspirations for her works especially Shakespeare’s spirit. â€Å"Sonnets From The Portuguese† and many of her other works where written in Petrarchan sonnets. Petrarchan sonnets in general are characteristically treat its theme in two parts. The octave, ei ght lines state a problem, express emotional problem, or even ask a question. The sestet, six lines, generally resolves the problem, relieves tensions, or answers the unknown question. browning :: essays research papers Barrett Browning was one of the most brilliant poets of the Victorian Age. She was born in 1809 in London, England and was raised with an excellent classical school education. In her early teens she showed great signs of a genius. Many of her poems were written before she was just fifteen years of age. By looking at Elisabeth Barrett Browning she was delicate, but inside this fragile woman there was a superior spiritual and mental being. Browning’s first publication of poems written was â€Å"Essay On Mind, And Other Poems†. In 1846 at the age of thirty-seven she married her soul mate noted English poet, Robert Browning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As of all great poets life experiences are a large basis of inspiration in their works. Throughout the chapter of her life tragedy and health woes surrounded Browning. She had a blood vessel burst in her lungs and this forced her to stay confined home for an extended period of time. To better her healing process her doctor recommended her to move to a warmer climate. She relocated to Torquay, England and while she was there her brother and two of his friends drowned in a boating accident. This horrific accident had a profound effect on Browning and provided a hue of thought as well as feeling to her poetry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Truly understanding the personal history of Browning enables one to read her poetry and understand her being. After reading dozens of her poems all of them stood out and it was very difficult to just focus on five poems. I will discuss â€Å"Sonnets From The Portuguese† first. I came across the various sonnets in this piece a decade ago and believe her works to be one of the most romantic poems of all times. Browning wrote â€Å"Sonnets From The Portuguese† during the time she first met her husband and one can not help get the impression that it was likely dedicated to him. The love that was blossoming in her heart inspired her to write this literary masterpiece. Browning had various inspirations for her works especially Shakespeare’s spirit. â€Å"Sonnets From The Portuguese† and many of her other works where written in Petrarchan sonnets. Petrarchan sonnets in general are characteristically treat its theme in two parts. The octave, ei ght lines state a problem, express emotional problem, or even ask a question. The sestet, six lines, generally resolves the problem, relieves tensions, or answers the unknown question.

Pros and Cons of Building a Casino in Your Neighborhood

Pro’s †¢ New Jobs †¢ Entertainment †¢ Expand Tourism †¢ Contribution to Community †¢ Contribution to Charitable Organizations †¢ Lower taxes for Residents †¢ Tax Revenues †¢ Higher Wages †¢ Higher Property Value †¢ Extends Visitors Stay in Area †¢ Money put back into Local Economy †¢ Adds to a City †¢ Attracts People †¢ Traffic of People – Better Known Con’s †¢ Street Crime †¢ Prostitution †¢ Takes from Local businesses †¢ No New Businesses †¢ Erosion of Work Ethic †¢ Pathological Gamblers †¢ Increased Bankruptcy Rates †¢ Preys on Poor and Elderly †¢ Lost Productivity †¢ Traffic Congestion †¢ Entry Level Jobs – Low Paying Reality Money not re-spent in Local Economy †¢ No Taxes †¢ Environmental Effects Three essential conditions must be simultaneously satisfied if a particular cost is to be classified as a private cost: 1. G amblers must be fully informed 2. Gamblers must be rational 3. Gamblers must be required to bear the total costs of their gambling If any one of these conditions fails to be satisfied, an element of social costs exists. For example, if gamblers cease work in order to gamble and gamble away their family assets, leaving their families to claim social welfare benefits, the rest of the community is bearing social casts.The gamblers may have mad rational decisions in that they know that the community will provide a safety net. They might have made different decisions had the safety net not existed. One distinction that must be made is between real and pecuniary costs. Real costs represent a withdrawal of resources from other potential uses- they represent a subtraction from society’s total welfare. Pecuniary costs represent costs borne by some members of the community but which are exactly matched by benefits received by others. For example, assume that gambling increases levels o f corruption in the public and private sectors.Corruption can have both pecuniary and real effects. It can produce a redistribution of income, which is a pecuniary effect. It can also produce a real deterioration in efficiency as productive resources are allocated according to sub-optimal, non-economic criteria. Generally speaking, when identifying the real costs, we can classify the costs and benefits on gambling into two categories- tangible and intangible. Tangible costs are costs that can be valued in the marketplace. Any reduction in these costs will yield resources that will become available to the community for consumption or investment purposes.Intangible costs are costs that cannot be readily valued in the marketplace and which, when reduced, will not yield resources to the community for consumption or investment purposes. Examples of both tangible and intangible costs of gambling: Tangible Productionreduced on the job productivity Reduced workforce Reduced unpaid household services Heath and Counselingpsychological treatment of gamblers Treatment of families of gamblers Treatment of victims of crime attributable to gambling CrimePolicing Judicial systems Penal systems Insurance administration Regulationregulation supervision Regulatory programs ResearchEvaluationDevelopment Welfare PreventionCrime prevention Intangible Loss of life Suffering Quality of life Cultural impacts Stress to crime victims Stress to gamblers and others The purpose of this paper is to assess the economic impacts of Casino gambling within a community. The Seneca Indian Tribe opened a temporary casino on its land in Buffalo after federal approval, to satisfy its agreement with the state. The majority of the community are now turning their heads and not showing interest for the casino. They believe the operations will adversely affect the economic and social environment of the already struggling city.The community is looking for other sources of revenue and find out ways how to c lean up the streets. Opportunity cost is any good or service that has value of all the other goods or services that we must give up in order to produce it. We all use the idea of â€Å"opportunity cost† in our everyday lives. The Casino in downtown Buffalo will drain money from the city and local businesses will be affected by the advancements of the casino. The casino is looking to expand to a high class resort that will have room availability and food/beverage.The negative aspect is that the people that enter the casino will not leave to go out to local restaurants or hotels and spend dollars in the all ready weakened Buffalo economy. The casino will provide jobs, the jobs will be at a lower pay and with few, if any, of the protections against displacement. A downtown casino would severely devastate and/or drive out many of Buffalo’s restaurants, hotels and nightlife in the area. Many studies have been performed on Casino gambling and the economic impacts. Many econo mists have researched how the casinos do not contribute to local businesses and negative reputation within communities.Casinos are not helping the economy but only themselves. It is not appropriate for Buffalo to have to struggle anymore due to Seneca Indians and their eagerness to start up something is bound to fail. In New York State our way to protect the environment of nature and humanity. Indian casinos are also exempt from New York health codes, they can permit smoking. Employees in casinos have none of New York’s health protections, and even if they did they can’t sue in New York courts, so they have nowhere to go if they are injured by inhaling second hand smoke.The people buying the tax-free tobacco are not even contributing to the state budget, part of which in part pays for the huge cost of tobacco smoke and leads many to develop lung disease. Questions, discussions, and opinions are on a rise to whether a new casino should be built in Buffalo, New York. If we ask what benefits, or what economic development will this casino bring to the community there would not be enough answers as to compare to the negative effects it will actually bring.This essay will discuss the economic impacts, social and opportunity costs brought by casinos from economist researchers who have showed significant points to why casino worsen the economy and making it harder for local businesses and employment opportunity. To answer the question, â€Å"What is economic development? †Dr. Grinols professor of economics at Baylor University and author of Gambling in America: cost and benefits, 2004 said, â€Å"When individuals undertake productive activity, they engage in the creation of goods and service that provide greater welfare or satisfaction than the inputs used. † (Grinols 2004).Economic development is the creation of greater value by society from its available resources which means greater income and wealth, which lead to greater utility for me mbers of society (Grinols 2004). Dr. Grinols claims when a casino hires a hundred new employees they are equivalent to the same hundred loss jobs at other businesses, and casinos revenues are matched by reduced revenues at those other businesses, which leads to no economic development because greater value is not created. Casinos not only create economic loss, they intensify the problem by taking the money they get from the casinos out of he local communities (Day 2008). The casino industry do not re-spent their profits into the local economy. Statistics show thirty five to eighty seven percent of the profits are sent out of state in the form of vendor contracts, capital investment dividends and parent company profit sharing. The money does not get reinvested into the community, which is the foundation of economic development. In defense to the negative impact brought by casinos, the gambling industry tries to prove that casinos create job opportunity as a measure of economic develo pment; however Dr.Grinols argues that job creation is not an indicator of economic development and that local residents may not benefit at all from job creation. He goes on to say jobs are neither necessary nor sufficient for economic development. Secondly he argued, â€Å"A significant amount of promotional material claims that casinos decrease unemployment,† but most importantly because casinos represent a negative and not a positive economic development, in the long run the number of jobs are drastically decreasing and not created.In 2007 professor Frederic H. Murphy of Temple University proved in his economic impact analysis of expanded gambling in Philadelphia, because money was leaving the area and not staying in the local economy there will be a loss of over four thousand jobs. Dr. Grinols claims â€Å"according to research not sponsored by the casino industry, commercial casinos nationwide generated job loss in more than forty two percent of the counties with casinos .

The Importance of Hair Straighteners Essays

The Importance of Hair Straighteners Essays The Importance of Hair Straighteners Essay The Importance of Hair Straighteners Essay Whilst gazing outside through the office window, I wished I could be somewhere else. As if by magic an e-mail appeared in my inbox inviting me to join my friends on a mystery adventure. I jumped at the chance. It was an opportunity to get away from the office for one whole day and night and from the monotonous tasks that were set before me. My bags were packed and goodbyes to family and friends complete. However, to my great dismay, my rucksack weighed more than my own body weight. Clearly the hair straighteners did not classify as an essential item. It took a long while to rearrange my backpack leaving me flustered wondering how I would ever cope without what I consider essentials! Before setting off my colleagues, Ray and Susan helped to plan our plan our journey; where to go, where to stay and who would take what. We decided to travel from where we lived in Parson Road and make our way to Somerset. It would be a total of ten kilometres there and another ten back. The main aim of the trip was to have fun, and in doing so to de-stress and rid us of the boredom of office life. Bright and early at 6 a.m. we set off from the end of our road to depart on our mission. What an adventure we were to undertake. Our first challenge was to direct ourselves out of the village and to travel south to Somerset. With every step we took I became more and more focused on the need for sustenance and could hardly wait for a pit stop that would be a chance to rest our feet and refuel ourselves before restarting our adventure. Unfortunately, the weather took a turn for the worse and it started to pour with rain. As we walked, I thought of the Duke of Edinburgh expedition I undertook when I was a teenager. I remember how we always used to sing the song Everywhere we go as we hiked. To cheer us up I began singing, as I thought, tunefully but to my dismay, Ray and Susan did not agree and laughed at my voice. So, instead of singing we talked about journeys of our past and other experiences we remembered. However, our first challenge was to get to a bridge but, with the weather conditions worsening, it left us cold, damp and tired. To our great bewilderment the ford prior to the bridge had become very deep. The only way we could cross was to swim. We dipped our feet slowly into the freezing water. It was at least ten metres long and quite deep. I could hardly touch the bottom so I swam quickly so as to avoid being in the cold for too long. We had to cling to our backpacks as they contained our key necessities for life. Thankfully I had not packed my hair straighteners! There we were, three desperate, bedraggled office workers shivering with cold and drenched to the skin. Our bags were laden with water spurting out from all sides. My hair was left frizzy and matted and how I was now in desperate need for my hair straighteners! Ray and I snuggled together for warmth and all of a sudden the unexpected happened. I had always thought of him as a kind man who had always been there for me bu t it was at that moment that I realised that there was something very special between us. We stared into each others eyes, our heads gradually moving closer together until our lips met. It was a very magical moment and changed the whole trip for me and had it not been for Ray, I would not have had the will to go on and would probably have turned back and given up. We were suffering from hunger and dehydration so we decided to attempt our lunch. All our possessions including our lunch were soggy after the swim. We enjoyed our mushy bread sodden with muddy water as if it were the best meal of our life. Amazing how anything would have tasted like sweet nectar at that moment. Our next obstacle was a wood. It was only a matter of trudging through the wood, however, given the recent weather conditions and the evening looming it was not as easy as it may have appeared. We heard sounds of bats and owls creating an eerie atmosphere. Susan was petrified and so ran, as fast as she could to get out of there. We shouted to stop and slow down but she clearly could not hear as she ran into the distance. Ray and I followed carefully behind looking everywhere to find her. Eventually we heard her scream; I was taken aback and clung to Ray for safety. Susan had fallen into a ditch with no obvious way out. How could we save her? Thankfully Ray had a clever suggestion to use our spare clothes to make a line to pull her up. We threw down the line and allowed Susan to grab the other end. Ray and I used all our might to rescue Susan. After a joint struggle Susan was pulled out from the ditch. We felt damp, muddy and exhausted. The thought of sitting at a warm desk now seemed somewhat appealing. After she had recovered we made our way out of the wood and agreed to set up camp for the night earlier than planned. Despite the shortened journey my feet resembled a rasher of bacon and were blistered, battered and bruised. In addition, our backs were suffering from the weight of the backpacks along with our legs. More over, my hair looked atrocious awful but for the first time in my life I could not have cared less. We enjoyed our delicious meal over a stove and hot coffee to end the eventful day. Our day had left us fatigued and shattered so we retired early to bed. I learned a lot over that weekend not just about walking but also about relationships and the necessities of life. I was pleased to build my relationships on with my friends and enjoyed very much their company. Now I know that I would never be able to climb Mount Everest or walk anywhere further than to the next village. However, I know I am dependable in an emergency as is Ray. The once hated office seemed a luxury compared to the shattering and traumatic day we had. I realised that all the things I thought essential items have no longer any relevance in my life. Although I struggled to survive with my static and frizzy hair I soon released the essentials to life are in fact friends and people. After all, thanks to Ray I got through the day overcoming my need for hair straighteners and other necessities. I now know the importance of hair straighteners; they have no significance in my life, so much so that I am getting rid of them! People will have to accept my naturally frizzy hair. If they cannot accept my hair then they cannot accept me. I have learned to accept people for who they are as they will me.

Issues on Slavery representation and taxation essays

Issues on Slavery representation and taxation essays First the delegates argued over representation. James Madison offfered the new Jersey plan which stated that there would be one house of congress called the house of senate which would allow one vote per state. The large states didn't like this because they were bigger and demanded more representation. So William Patterson offered the Virginia Plan which stated that there would be one house of congress and it would be called the house of represenatives which would be determined the number of delegates in it from each state based on population. Finally the great compromise was offered which put the virginia and the new jersey plans together. It stated that there would be two houses of congress the hous of senate and the house of the represenatives. Next the delegates argued over slavery. the southern states wanted their slaves to count for their population, so they would have larger representation in the house of represenatives. Well the North wouldn't stand for this, they didn't want the slaves to be counted so that they could have larger representation in the house of represenatives. Finally a decision was made called the Three-Fifths Compromise. It stated that for every five slaves, three would be counted for representation. Lastly the delegates argurued over taxation. The North wanted the slaves to be counted for taxes since they counted for population. The South didn't like this, because they wanted the slaves to count as population but not count for taxes. So the delegates decided to also use the Three-Fifths compromise on the slaves for taxes. ...

Understanding Irregular -ER French Verbs

Understanding Irregular -ER French Verbs There are a lot of French verbs that end in -ER and there are a lot of irregular French verbs, but there is only one irregular -ER verb. However, there are three groups of -ER verbs that have some irregularities. One True Irregular -ER Verb Aller (to go) is the only truly irregular -er verb in French - its conjugations are unique and, according to some, very odd. Spelling Change Verbs Spelling change verbs  are verbs that end in -cer or -ger. Their stem formation and verb endings are the same as for regular -er verbs, but there is a slight spelling change for pronunciation purposes in certain conjugations. Stem-Changing Verbs Stem-changing verbs  are -er verbs that take the regular endings but have two different radicals. There are five categories of French stem-changing verbs: -yer, -eler, -eter, -e_er, and -à ©_er. -IER Verbs There is nothing actually irregular about the conjugation of -ier verbs - they are conjugated like regular -er verbs, but some of their forms look strange.

The Making of the Modern Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Making of the Modern Middle East - Essay Example However, they were disillusioned by the increased insecurity and instability of these states (Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Irag) as Irag revolted against British. The states became disillusioned as Great Powers reneged on the earlier promises of creating independent states. â€Å"The political units created after WWI by imperial powers were not territories that were necessarily used to be governed as a single units (Walker, 2003; Kelidar 1993).† The treaty divided the Middle East into two; British and French mandated territories. There was no independence for the created states and had to be ruled by French and British while they had to start from scratch. Their own people and rulers rejected the states that had no structured political bases despite being portioned into political units. Discontents escalated leading to increased instability and insecurity within these States that saw Irag revolution against the British. The created states face difficulty in to design a framework that can amicably solve domestic political wrangles (Kelidar, 1993, p.

Evaluating international business communications situations Essay - 10

Evaluating international business communications situations - Essay Example In order to promote holidays in China amongst the British public, one needs to come up with a great communication plan that will ensure that the target audience receives the message. This can be done through advertisements in the local media, social media, billboards and cultural fairs and events. One can also highlight some of the cultural issues such as language barrier and some cultural practices that the British citizens would face once they arrived in China. This process would ensure that mutual respect is maintained and a good relationship fostered between the two cultures. According to Noreen Barkley, Peiyi Ding and Timothy Lee, China recognised that international tourism was a key part of its economy, therefore, launching many initiatives to increase the business and provide a memorable experience that would help market its tourist attractions (Breakey, Ding and Lee 2008: 567). Through the use of excellent communication strategies and international marketing, China has successfully marketed its numerous attractions to many countries, therefore, swaying many of them to travel to the country and have a first-hand experience (Wen and Ximing, 2008: 580). A significant number of British citizens are financially secure, therefore, bearing the ability to spend a sizeable amount of money on holidays. The older generation comprising of senior citizens is also increasing, as baby boomers retire from their jobs. Therefore, Britain has a high number of potential international tourists who are willing to spend a lot of money for leisure travels and holidays. In o rder to persuade British citizens to visit China for holidays, one must establish a communication plan that will be appealing to them. It should be sensitive to the British culture and create awareness on the cultural differences between the two countries. It should also highlight China’s numerous cultural sites, unique geographical sceneries, the wide variety of

Identify the selection process of the federal judiciary. Explain the Research Paper

Identify the selection process of the federal judiciary. Explain the role of the federal judiciary in lawmaking. Should the judiciary be active or passive in interpreting the law Why - Research Paper Example This is followed by the nomination of the candidates and the list is forwarded to the senate judiciary committee for scrutinization. The members of the committee send all the nominees questionnaires before they come for hearings. After which, the committee makes its recommendations for approval by the senate through voting. The list of the best judges is given to the president for approval and they become judges (Posner, p. 13). The competence of the judiciary is evident in law making. It distributes legislative power between national and state governments by defining the policies and bills brought forward by the lawmaking bodies such as the national assembly. Therefore, jurisdictional power to rule and oversee the respect of the constitution is the main role of the judiciary in law making. The judiciary must be active in interpreting the law since it is the only independent body with the mandate. Given that the constitution is complex to interpret, the judiciary stands in as the only body that can interpret the laws to the citizens. That is why it must remain relevant and active in policy making and interpretation of the

Marketing an Online Casino Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing an Online Casino - Essay Example Another method that can be applied for making the potential customers aware about the domain is to prepare a mailing list of the rich clients to foreword the invitation to them. So it is a crucial issue in front of the company to prepare an appropriate mailing list. Proper inspection while creating the mailing list will help the company to focus on the highly potential clients. Campaigning through emails is of higher relevance for the company. "An attractive email marketing campaign can open up new avenues of communication with site clients, vendors, prospective advertisers and your online community in general." (Email Campaign Marketing. 2006). Marketing of the domain is a hectic job for the company. The customers expected by the company are very rich people. The rich people cannot easily be contacted by the company as they will be busy most of the time. The company needs to develop a close relation with such customers. For that the executives of the company must meet the prospective customers personally. This is, however, not always possible. In most of the cases a person needs to take appointment to meet them. For this the executives must first collect the contact numbers and addresses of the rich persons. This can be available from the showrooms of expensive cars, already existing casino's etc. After collecting the contact details they should be called upon to fix the date. They must be made aware of the features of the casino. Some other clients can be met from the venue where they are supposed to be present for some functions. Example: Sam Walton can be met from the venue of Val Mart's general meeting, Tom Cruise can be met from his shooting site, and Britney Spears can be met at the venue of her music concert and so on. The usual strategies employed by most of the domains for internet advertisement are affiliate marketing, search engine optimisation, web banner, campaigning through emails and news letters and pay per click campaigns. Here the primary motive of the company is to invite rich customers to join the casino. Registration is provided by the company only if they are invited. Therefore, the company cannot employ the usual e-business marketing strategies. Among the common strategies the company can adopt only campaigning through emails and web banner for their market positioning. Rest of the strategies are irrelevant from the company's perception. Web banner: Web banner is one of the most efficient methods of internet advertising. In this, a banner displaying images is placed on the home page of popular websites or on any other webpage so that the users who visit those websites are informed about the domain. Banner with images displaying in flash player are the most common type of such advertisements used at present. It is usually placed on the website that is mostly visited by the users. This is a highly efficient method of advertisement as the banners are easily seen by the users. The company can use this strategy only to publicise the casino. For this purpose the company should place the banner in those websites that the richer groups are expected to visit. These sites are generally the websites of any online portal for sale of highly expensive commodities. There are certain other websites where one can register for the order of any such product. An example for such kind of website

Marketing and Trasforming Business in Porcini's Company Case Study

Marketing and Trasforming Business in Porcini's Company - Case Study Example The company has also suffered stiff competition from Unos, Bertucci’s, and Buca di Beppo which try to offer the same products Porcini offers. This paper will, therefore, explore the marketing strategies that the company lacks in relation to customer focus and the 4P, Market target and expansion, and competition so as to be on the competitive advantage. The company has difficulties in choosing the right option for restaurant expansion to either undertake franchising or syndication. Ordinarily, the majority of the restaurant chains are considering new franchise agreements in their main avenue for growth where Porcini is not an exception.However, the restaurant has limited capital from restaurant-level operations to system-wide marketing and brand building. It should be noted that when the restaurant has no capital, it will be unwise for the business to go for a loan for expanding the business. This is because it will take time for the business to stabilize. Therefore, the cost of construction and leasing is normally shifted to franchisees which would likely bring outlets into operation more rapidly. This leads to expansion of the company. The restaurant is not vast with enforcing franchise standards. Normally, the franchise has a 20-year term with renewal at the franchisor’s option a 5% to 6% royalty on gross revenues and an upfront fee during franchising.Additionally, each franchisee is usually accountable for his own financing and this saves the finances of the company. Some franchisors often handle all expansion, including feasibility studies, market analysis, site selection, and construction themselves. Porcini does not have a construction department and this makes it hard for the company to avoid franchising. Therefore this is the best option for the company for it will increase the company profitability On the other hand, in syndication, the chain identifies purchases a number of sites, builds and furnishes a facility on each, then sells the  portfolio of properties to an investor group thereby recouping and recycling its capital.  

Marketing an Online Casino Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing an Online Casino - Essay Example Another method that can be applied for making the potential customers aware about the domain is to prepare a mailing list of the rich clients to foreword the invitation to them. So it is a crucial issue in front of the company to prepare an appropriate mailing list. Proper inspection while creating the mailing list will help the company to focus on the highly potential clients. Campaigning through emails is of higher relevance for the company. "An attractive email marketing campaign can open up new avenues of communication with site clients, vendors, prospective advertisers and your online community in general." (Email Campaign Marketing. 2006). Marketing of the domain is a hectic job for the company. The customers expected by the company are very rich people. The rich people cannot easily be contacted by the company as they will be busy most of the time. The company needs to develop a close relation with such customers. For that the executives of the company must meet the prospective customers personally. This is, however, not always possible. In most of the cases a person needs to take appointment to meet them. For this the executives must first collect the contact numbers and addresses of the rich persons. This can be available from the showrooms of expensive cars, already existing casino's etc. After collecting the contact details they should be called upon to fix the date. They must be made aware of the features of the casino. Some other clients can be met from the venue where they are supposed to be present for some functions. Example: Sam Walton can be met from the venue of Val Mart's general meeting, Tom Cruise can be met from his shooting site, and Britney Spears can be met at the venue of her music concert and so on. The usual strategies employed by most of the domains for internet advertisement are affiliate marketing, search engine optimisation, web banner, campaigning through emails and news letters and pay per click campaigns. Here the primary motive of the company is to invite rich customers to join the casino. Registration is provided by the company only if they are invited. Therefore, the company cannot employ the usual e-business marketing strategies. Among the common strategies the company can adopt only campaigning through emails and web banner for their market positioning. Rest of the strategies are irrelevant from the company's perception. Web banner: Web banner is one of the most efficient methods of internet advertising. In this, a banner displaying images is placed on the home page of popular websites or on any other webpage so that the users who visit those websites are informed about the domain. Banner with images displaying in flash player are the most common type of such advertisements used at present. It is usually placed on the website that is mostly visited by the users. This is a highly efficient method of advertisement as the banners are easily seen by the users. The company can use this strategy only to publicise the casino. For this purpose the company should place the banner in those websites that the richer groups are expected to visit. These sites are generally the websites of any online portal for sale of highly expensive commodities. There are certain other websites where one can register for the order of any such product. An example for such kind of website

John Holland's Theory applied to secondary school in Hong Kong Research Paper

John Holland's Theory applied to secondary school in Hong Kong - Research Paper Example Rather than praising the theory per se, this paper further highlights its limitations in Hong Kong setting. John Holland’s theory of vocational choice has for many years been a dominant force in vocational psychology and careers counselling and guidance. The theory was originally formulated in the USA in the 1950s influenced by Holland’s experiences as a careers counselor (Gibson & Mitchell, 2006). Sharf (2006) further explains that this theory has subsequently grown significantly to become what it is today. Based on this theory therefore, John Holland holds that people and their occupational environments are clearly characterized by their close resemblance to each of the six identified ‘pure types’. Additionally, Holland believes that a good match between an individual and the environment will have a number of beneficial outcomes when other things are kept equal (Inkson, 2007). As observed by Herr et al (2004), Holland makes an attempt to explain that career decision making is an important aspect of career choice and career development. This basically forms the theoretical explanation of this paper in exploring the application of Holland’s theory in decision-making styles of career choice. The paper also attempts to relate the application of this theory to secondary school setting in Hong Kong and its limitations. John Holland’s theory has been cited by a number of researchers as the most studied amongst all other career counseling theories. Leung & Chen (2007) argue that Holland’s theory of careers portrays individuals and environments as a single set of six types into which most people across cultures of the world can be classified. In view of this, Holland classified people into six dominant types outlined below. The Realistic (R) type has frank, conforming, inflexible, practical, un-insightful and asocial individuals while Investigative (I) type is critical,

Politics and Society Essay Example for Free

Politics and Society Essay â€Å"There was an old bastard named Lenin Who did two or three million men in. Thats a lot to have done in But where he did one in That old bastard Stalin did ten in.† ― Robert Conquest[-0] According to the historian Robert Conquest, Joseph Stalin gives the impression of a large and crude claylike figure, a golem, into which a demonic spark has been instilled. He was nonetheless a man who perhaps more than any other determined the course of the twentieth century. Any adult inhabitant of this country, from a collective farmer up to a member of the Politburo, always knew that it would take only one careless word or gesture and he would fly off irrevocably into the abyss. (The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 2, p Fear by night, and a feverish effort by day to pretend enthusiasm for a system of lies, was the permanent condition. (Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment, According to some reports, entire groups of men were taken in one swoop by the NKVD. Almost all the male inhabitants of the little Greek community where I lived [in the lower Ukraine] had been arrested, recalled one à ©migrà ©. Another reported that the NKVD took all males between the ages of seventeen and seventy from his village of German-Russians. In some stories, the police clearly knew they were arresting innocent people. For example, an order reportedly arrived in Tashkent to Send 200 [prisoners]! The local NKVD was at its wits end about who else to arrest, having exhausted all the obvious possibilities, until it learned that a band of gypsies (Romany) had just camped in town. Police surrounded them and charged every male from seventeen to sixty with sabotage. In the city of Zherinka, Ivan Ivanovich had his wife sew rubles [Soviet currency] into his coat because the NKVD was taking all the men in his town. (Thurston, Life and Terror in Stalins Russia, 1934-1941

Examining The Network Simulations Of NS2 Information Technology Essay

Examining The Network Simulations Of NS2 Information Technology Essay NS2 is a Linux based tool to perform network simulations. NS2 is based on C++ and TCL programming Languages. TCL uses simple commands to define network configuration and C++ allows users to adjust protocol functionalities in detail and also to define new protocols. Our Project involves simulation of VoIP over two transport layer protocols UDP and SCTP. Installation of NS2: Installation of NS2 involves many steps. These Steps are: Checking for pre-requisites: Please make sure that you have installed the fedora 12 O.S with all packages and you are logged in as administrator. Downloading latest version of NS2: We first Downloaded NS2 v. 2.34 from: http://sourceforge.net/projects/nsnam/files/allinone/ns-allinone-2.34/ns-allinone-2.34.tar.gz/download Extracting the NS2 package: Extract the contents of .tar file in a directory and go into that directory. The following snapshot shows the extracted file against .tar file. Patching of SCTP module: Initially NS2 does not provide support to SCTP, so we have to download apply its patch before installation of NS2. The patch can be downloaded from http://pel.cis.udel.edu Now untar the patch in a directory and type the given command in terminal: patch -p0 Now we are ready to install NS2 with SCTP module. Installation of NS2 : We can either install NS2 by typing commands in the terminal. Or we can do this by simply double clicking the install file. The snapshot below shows the later. Now the installation has started. It would take some time to complete it. Configuring the installation path of NS2: The terminal will get get closed after installation of NS2. Now open terminal again and type: gedit ~/.bashrc to configure the path file Now edit this file as in the figure: Now save and close bash file and type following command in the terminal to tell your O.S about the path of NS2: source ~/.bashrc Confirming the installation of NS2: To confirm that NS2 is correctly installed, type ns in the terminal. The outlook of the terminal will be changed in this way: (Else it would print some filter of error in the terminal.) To revert to the normal mode type exit in the terminal. Running a simple code on NS2: NS2 executes .tcl file format. If you have followed all the previous steps, then you can execute a .tcl file by typing the following syntax in the terminal: ns [file name].tcl But make sure you are the directory where the .tcl file is present. e.g: Here we have a sample code script.tcl. In this code we are simulating a simple topology of two wired nodes. On typing ns script.tcl in the terminal, we get the following output: Handling the output trace file: On execution of .tcl code, two output files are generated. One is the .nam file with which we see the graphical simulation of our code. The other one is the .tr trace file, with which we can analyze the output of our simulation. The trace file looks like: It contains various parameters such as arrival time of packets, packet size transport agent etc. Using the trace file, we can get the graphical outputs to analyze the behavior of our simulation. To do this we need a graph drawing software such as xgraph or gnuplot. Here we are using gnuplot. But to draw a graph, we need to filter the trace file and get the coordinates out of which we can draw a graph. To filter a trace file, we write an awk script. Since we have to draw graphs for latency and throughput, therefore we will write one script for each type of graph. The awk script for latency is: #latency BEGIN { time1 = 0.0; time2 = 0.0; } { time2 = $2; if ($1==r) { printf(%f %fn, time1, time2) > latency; time1 += $2; } } END { print(Done); } And awk script for throughput is: #throughput BEGIN { node =1; time1 = 0.0; time2 = 0.0; num_packet=0; bytes_counter=0; } { time2 = $2; if (time2 time1 > 0.05) { thru = bytes_counter / (time2-time1); thru /= 1000000; printf(%f %fn, time2, thru) > throughput; time1 = $2; } if ($1==r) { bytes_counter += $6; num_packet++; } } END { print(Done); } Now type the following command in the terminal to filter the trace file: gawk file=[awk file name].awk [trace file name].tr The filtered file would be like this: Now weve to give a plot for which our graph is to be ploted. (i.e: weve to tell about the x and y coordinates) So we create a simple file in which we tell about these parameters. set title VoIP over UDP Latency! set grid set ylabel s set xlabel time plot latency w linespoints title voip throughput Now type gnuplot in the terminal to enter into gnuplot mode. Here type the command: load [x-y parameters file] (inner double quotes inclusive) And type exit to exit gnuplot Formation of VOIP Traffic over the Network: VoIP (Voice over IP) is simply the transmission of voice traffic over IP-based networks. The Internet Protocol (IP) was originally designed for data networking.   It is also referred to as IP  Telephony  or Internet Telephony. Simulating VOIP in NS2: VoIP is basically just UDP packets encapsulating RTP packets with the voice data inside, all you should need to do to simulate a VoIP stream is set the correct packet size and frequency that the packets are sent out and that would simulate a stream. In NS2 we will implement VOIP over UDP and SCTP protocols. We will implement VOIP using a simple two-node topology. For this we will do the following steps: create two .tcl files simulate VOIP traffic handle the trace files to draw graphs for latency and throughput for evaluation between the two protocols Simulation of VoIP over the network using UDP: Creating the tcl file:- First create a tcl file for Voip simulation over UDP protocol. Given below is the source code for our file voip_udp.tcl # start new simulation set ns [new Simulator] # setup tracing/nam set tr [open voip.tr w] set nf [open voip.nam w] $ns trace-all $tr $ns namtrace-all $nf # finish function, close all trace files and open up nam proc finish {} { global ns nf tr $ns flush-trace close $nf close $tr exec nam voip.nam exit 0 } ### creating nodes set node0 [$ns node] $node0 label Voice 1 $node0 color red set node1 [$ns node] $node1 label Voice 2 $node1 color blue # creating duplex-link $ns duplex-link $node0 $node1 256Kb 50ms DropTail $ns duplex-link-op $node0 $node1 orient right # setup colors $ns color 1 Yellow $ns color 2 Green ## 2-way VoIP connection #Create a UDP agent and attach it to node0 set udp0 [new Agent/UDP] $ns attach-agent $node0 $udp0 # set udp0 flowid to 1 $udp0 set fid_ 1 # Create a CBR traffic source and attach it to udp0 set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR] $cbr0 set packetSize_ 128 $cbr0 set interval_ 0.020 # set traffic class to 1 $cbr0 set class_ 1 $cbr0 attach-agent $udp0 # Create a Null sink to receive UDP set sinknode1 [new Agent/LossMonitor] $ns attach-agent $node1 $sinknode1 # Connect the UDP traffic source to Null sink $ns connect $udp0 $sinknode1 set udp1 [new Agent/UDP] $ns attach-agent $node1 $udp1 $udp1 set fid_ 2 set cbr1 [new Application/Traffic/CBR] $cbr1 set packetSize_ 128 $cbr1 set interval_ 0.020 $cbr1 set class_ 2 $cbr1 attach-agent $udp1 set sinknode0 [new Agent/LossMonitor] $ns attach-agent $node0 $sinknode0 $ns connect $udp1 $sinknode0 # end of voice simulation setup # start up traffic $ns at 0.1 $cbr0 start $ns at 0.1 $cbr1 start $ns at 10.0 $cbr0 stop $ns at 10.0 $cbr1 stop $ns at 10.5 finish # run the simulation $ns run Simulate VOIP traffic: Now type the following command in the terminal to view simulation of VOIP over UDP: ns voip_udp.tcl The output is: Performance of SCTP: Now we draw the graphs with gnuplot using above mentioned steps. The performance is evaluated on the basis of latency, throughput and capacity. The capacity can be evaluated with the help of latency and throughput. Latency: Throughput: Simulation of VoIP over the network using SCTP: Creating the tcl file:- First create a tcl file for Voip simulation over UDP protocol. Given below is the source code for our file voip_sctp.tcl # start new simulation set ns [new Simulator] # setup tracing/nam set tr [open voip.tr w] set nf [open voip.nam w] $ns trace-all $tr $ns namtrace-all $nf # finish function, close all trace files and open up nam proc finish {} { global ns nf tr $ns flush-trace close $nf close $tr exec nam voip.nam exit 0 } ### creating nodes set n0 [$ns node] $n0 label Voice 1 $n0 color red set n1 [$ns node] $n1 label Voice 2 $n1 color blue # creating duplex-link $ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 256Kb 50ms DropTail $ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n1 orient right # setup colors $ns color 1 Yellow $ns color 2 Green ## 2-way VoIP connection #Create a UDP agent and attach it to n0 set sctp0 [new Agent/SCTP] $ns attach-agent $n0 $sctp0 $sctp0 set fid_ 1 set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR] $cbr0 set packetSize_ 128 $cbr0 set interval_ 0.020 # set traffic class to 1 $cbr0 set class_ 1 $cbr0 attach-agent $sctp0 # Create a Null sink to receive Data set sinknode1 [new Agent/LossMonitor] $ns attach-agent $n1 $sinknode1 set sctp1 [new Agent/SCTP] $ns attach-agent $n1 $sctp1 $sctp1 set fid_ 2 set cbr1 [new Application/Traffic/CBR] $cbr1 set packetSize_ 128 $cbr1 set interval_ 0.020 $cbr1 set class_ 2 $cbr1 attach-agent $sctp1 set sinknode0 [new Agent/LossMonitor] $ns attach-agent $n0 $sinknode0 $ns connect $sctp0 $sctp1 $ns at 0.1 $cbr0 start $ns at 0.1 $cbr1 start # stop up traffic $ns at 10.0 $cbr0 stop $ns at 10.0 $cbr1 stop # finish simulation $ns at 10.5 finish # run the simulation $ns run Simulate VOIP traffic: Now type the following command in the terminal to view simulation of VOIP over UDP: ns voip_sctp.tcl The output is: Performance of SCTP: Now we draw the graphs with gnuplot using above mentioned steps. The performance is evaluated on the basis of latency, throughput and capacity. The capacity can be evaluated with the help of latency and throughput. Latency: Throughput: Difference between SCTP and UDP: SCTP: SCTP Stands for Stream Control Transmission Protocol. It is a Transport Layer protocol. It is a connection-oriented protocol similar to TCP, but provides facilities such as multi-streaming and multi-homing for better performance and redundancy. It is used in Unix-like operating systems. UDP: UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol. It is a minimal message-oriented transport layer protocol. It enables two hosts to connect and send short messages to one another. Unlike Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), it does not guarantee that data is received or that it is received in the order in which it was sent. Comparison between SCTP and UDP: Message Orientation: In SCTP, message boundaries are preserved. If an application sends a 100-byte message, the peer application will receive all 100 bytes in a single read: no more, no less. UDP provides a message-oriented service, but without SCTPs reliability. Un-Ordered Service: In addition to ordered message service (and parallel ordered service discussed above), SCTP offers the reliable delivery of messages with no order constraints. UDP provides unordered service, but again without SCTPs reliability. Unordered reliable delivery will be useful for many applications, in particular disk over LAN services (iSCSI, RDMA, etc.) where the application already provides ordering. Stronger checksum: SCTP uses a 32-bit end-to-end checksum proven to be mathematically stronger than the 16-bit ones-complement sum used by UDP. SCTPs better checksum provides stronger verification that a message passes end-to-end without bit errors going undetected. These were some of the differences between SCTP and UDP. A tabulated contrast between the two protocols is given below: Services/Features SCTP UDP Connection-oriented yes no Full duplex yes yes Reliable data transfer yes no Partial-reliable data transfer optional no Ordered data delivery yes no Unordered data delivery yes yes Flow control yes no Congestion control yes no ECN capable yes no Selective ACKs yes no Preservation of message boundaries yes yes Path MTU discovery yes no Application PDU fragmentation yes no Application PDU bundling yes no Multistreaming yes no Multihoming yes no Protection against SYN flooding attacks yes n/a Allows half-closed connections no n/a Reachability check yes no Psuedo-header for checksum no (uses vtags) yes Time wait state for vtags n/a SCTP vs. UDP Latency: From the graphs of latency we conclude that latency is slightly higher in UDP. In real practice, latency in UDP is much higher than in SCTP. Practically, the latency in UDP is about 15% more than SCTP. Throughput: From the graphs of throughput we see that UDP shows a constant but less throughput while SCTP shows continuous fluctuations in its graph. But overall SCTP has a higher throughput than UDP. In real practice, throughput in SCTP is about 15% more than in UDP. Capacity: By observing the graphs of throughput, we conclude the SCTP can support more capacity than UDP. UDP will loose its performance at higher data rates. Conclusion: From the above statistics, we conclude that SCTP is better than UDP in terms of latency, throughput and capacity. Therefore there is no doubt in the fact that that SCTP is going to be the future of VOIP and many other network technologies. But since this technology is under the process of evolution so it may take some time for it to replace the older technologies like UDP and TCP etc. Refrences: http://yonghoon.livejournal.com/4799.html http://www.isoc.org/briefings/017/index.shtml http://www.google.com/dictionary?source=dict-chrome-exsl=entl=enq=sctp http://www.google.com/dictionary?langpair=en|enq=udphl=enaq=f http://mailman.isi.edu/pipermail/ns-users/2006-August/056723.html http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=bF3L7g1u_mQCpg=PA189lpg=PA189dq=udp+vs+sctp+latency+throughputsource=blots=zdb5JeCsMfsig=PPt8c4nvtcrIJcXr5eKBIe_GbkQhl=enei=XhIgTYCeLs-z8QO8_KS8BQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CB4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepageqf=true

Grandma and Grandpa :: Personal Narrative Profile

Grandpa Pat McGill, Jr. of Wisner, Nebraska always entered a room smiling. Pat fathered eleven children, including my mother, and had over fifty grandchildren, including me. Even though my grandpa and I were not all that close, I admired and respected his kind and gentle nature. He passed away in the summer of 1996, and I didn't get to say goodbye to Grandpa Pat McGill before he headed up to heaven with all the other saints. All but one of the McGill grandchildren were at my grandpa's memorial service. I held my mom's hand as all of the children and grandchildren lined the aisle and acted as an "honor guard" for the casket. We both sobbed. At the end of the service, the priest announced that there would be an all-night vigil in the church for my grandpa, and they needed volunteers to sign up to stay with him in the church. I didn't think much of it, assuming that townspeople and family members would flock to the signup sheet. Apparently EVERYONE made this assumption. A contingent of my cousins went out to the bars to hold "an Irish wake" and lubricate themselves with alcohol. The residents of Wisner mostly went home to their beds. It turned out that no one had volunteered to stay with my grandpa from the hours of 2:00 AM to 6:00 AM, and hysteria broke out. My grandma was heartbroken. My mom was scrambling to solve the problem. Then I spoke up: "I'm used to staying up all night. I can do it." Everyone looked at me and blinked. "Really?" they said. "All night?" I took my notebook to the church and sat in the front pew. I worked on a short story called Mushroom until I was alone in the church with my grandpa's open casket. It was impossible to distract myself from this situation anymore. I approached my grandpa and looked closely at him. I started talking to him about the things I had been doing in Massachusetts. I sang songs to him. I asked him if I would ever find a way to stop loving the girl who broke my heart a year earlier. I cried for a little while. I touched his hands. I realized how much I admired the power of his smile and his capacity for joy.

To What Degree Might Different Languages Shape In Their Speakers Differ

To What Degree Might Different Languages Shape In Their Speakers Different Concepts Of Themselves And The World? What Are The Implications Of Such Differences For Knowledge?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The difference in languages can cause different perceptions of various cultures leading to distinctions or possible clashes. When I lived in France I faced some of the problems a language barrier can cause. The most common and at the same time most irritating problem of language is the inability to translate word for word as some words just don’t have a direct translation into another language. These are normally colloquialisms for example â€Å"up the apples and pears† does not translate into â€Å"monter les pommes et les poires.† This would cause people to look at you in a very strange manner wondering what on earth you were talking about and it’s not only verbal language which creates different perceptions of people. Body language, such as hand movements and voice intonation can determine or change someone’s perception of a culture. The following paragraphs will illustrate the way language can be misconstrued.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first point I would like to illustrate is the way body language can have different effects on people. For example, in England the use of hands when you are speaking is quite rare, the odd movement of the hand may be seen but the most common use of hand signals or motions is when someone is making an insult. I will use the Italians as an example of at times exaggerated and frequent use of hands. The Italians often use their hands as a way of secondary communication. As they speak they dramatise their conversations which can be mistakenly perceived by some people as confrontation when in fact they are having a simple conversation. This is where the lack of knowledge of a culture can cause a misunderstanding. Another example of communication which can cause raised eyebrows is the way the French acknowledge one another is doing something called the â€Å"bises.† This is where they give a kiss on each cheek. (Depending on the region this could be two, three even four kisses.) It is considered rude to just verbally greet someone so the â€Å"bises† is the norm for them. However when they are out of their country they could receive strange looks because people don’t understand their reasons and therefore could be perceived that French m... ...age on the planet, or to speak the universal language of Esperanto created in 1887 by Dr. Zamenhof which, if possible would bring an end to our cultural differences – how boring!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, each country has the knowledge and understanding of its own culture and will therefore have a different perception of foreign cultures due to the possible lack of understanding. The argument â€Å"someone can only fully understand another culture if they speak their language† is I believe true. Language can not always be translated directly so the only way to fully understand a concept of a culture is to speak that language learning the subtle nuances. Ignorance, I believe causes misunderstanding, take for instance when Brits go on holiday unable to comprehend another language yet believing that everyone should understand them sometimes coming across as arrogant and rude. Understanding a culture needs patience, understanding and open mindedness. Respecting one-another’s differences can allows us to live together in harmony irrespective of our cultural upbringing and beliefs. I believe differences alleviate boredom as life would be mund ane if we were all the same.

Egyptian Religion Essay

The Egyptians took great care of their dead because of their religious beliefs. According to John Catoir, author of â€Å"World Religions: Beliefs Behind Today’s Headlines,† Egyptians believed that an afterlife involved a full human existence, not a mere spirit life, therefore the soul must join the body in heaven. It was hoped that by preserving their bodies from decay they would enhance the process of resurrection and provide themselves with a decent start in the new life. The priests who performed the mummification were thought of as acting in the role of Anubis, the god of the dead. The organs, excluding the heart would be removed, and the mouth would be broke open. This allowed for the testimony and the weighing of the heart when attempting to gain entrance into the underworld (afterlife). According to Geoffroy Parrinder, author ofâ€Å"World Religions: from Ancient History to the Present,† the whole embalming of the body seems to have implied an imitation of what was done (in the legend to Osiris by Anubis in Abydos) so the dead person was thereby identified with Osiris:charms were usually placed within the wrappings of the mummy, and special importance was attached to the heart scarab which was placed on the chest. Because of the Egyptians belief that the body and soul unite again in the underworld, their response to cremation would not be a positive one. Since the soul and the body meet up in heaven again, the body would be destroyed, making it impossible to meet up with the soul. In addition, the heart will not have an opportunity to be weighed and the mouth would not be able to testify. After a king died, Osiris would personally identify the king. The motive behind the identification of the dead king with Osiris was to ensure the perpetuation of the king’s rule after death:by becoming Osiris the dead pharaoh would rule over the realm of the dead (Parrinder). According to Roveri Donadoni, author of â€Å"Egyptian Civilization: Religious Beliefs,† a dead Pharaoh lived in the heavens as a star and a new pharaoh came to power as a new incarnation of the divine power of Ra, the Sun God. The stars appeared as minor suns illuminating the night sky, each one the lasting impression of a former earthly pharaoh. Rituals involved the everyday life of the typical Egyptian. According to Christopher Moreman, author of â€Å"Beyond the Threshold: Afterlife Beliefs and Experiences in World Religions,† ritual performance was necessary to ensure that the spirit of the dead would not be lost but would continue in association with the sun after an arduous journey through the underworld. †Every day and several times within the day, the god was the object of ritual activity similar to that which would be accorded to an earthly prince (Donadoni). Distinctive rites were naturally found in the special festivals of the pharaoh and of the gods (Parrinder). The king’s jubilee-festival, called the Sed, re-enacted ritually the unification of Egypt under Menes, and its climax was a dance performed by the king in a short kilt with an animal’s tail hanging behind it. A procession or ‘coming forth’ was usually a conspicuous feature of the festivals of the gods, whose statues were carried by priests to other sacred places in order to visit other deities or in order to enact a mythological episode connected with these places (Parrinder).

Violence and Summary Socrates

Always Outnumbered, Always Outgunned Themes: Redemption can be found throughout the book. Socrates, the main character, has spent twenty-seven years in prison for a violent crime that he committed. The legal system punished him for his crimes, but they did not attempt to rehabilitate him. While in prison, he committed more violent crimes than he committed before his incarceration. The Capricorn bookstore is what led Socrates to redemption, not prison. He is definitely a reformed man. He is now perceptive, compassionate and persuasive. Once he only acted on impulse, but now he reasons out what is right and what is wrong.He tries to do the right thing, and he guides others to make the right decisions through questions and rebuttals. â€Å"Crimson Shadow† Summary The novel begins with the main character, Socrates Fortlow, going outside into the alley beside his home. Socrates is investigating why Billy, an old rooster Socrates considers his friend, is not crowing this morning. Th e sun is just coming up, and Socrates views the alley as almost pretty with the debris in the alley bathed in half-light. Socrates finds a boy, Darryl, standing in the alley with a cardboard box. The boy tries to run when Socrates confronts him, but Socrates stops him.Inside of the box is Billy. He is dead. Socrates forces Darryl to take the box containing the dead rooster into his tiny, rundown home. Socrates questions Darryl as to why he killed his friend. Darryl seems relieved when he finds out Socrates is talking about the rooster. Socrates forces Darryl to pluck the chicken and to sit there while he cooks the old rooster. â€Å"Midnight Meeting† Summary Right Burke, Stony Wile, Howard Shakur and Markham Peal are all sitting in the impoverished home of Socrates discussing a serious matter. Howard's daughter, Winnie, saw Petis stab and rob LeRoy.Howard is seeking advice about how to handle the situation. Socrates questions Howard further. He wants to be certain Winnie real ly saw what Howard is claiming she saw. The men conclude that if Petis is responsible, he is also probably responsible for other murders and will not stop on his own. Three of the men have different opinions on how the situation should be handled. Right thinks they should kill Petis. Markham thinks they should go to the police. Stony feels they should tell everyone in the neighborhood about Petis and let the situation take care of itself. We get another glimpse into Socrates' past.The discussion sparks a memory from when Socrates was in an Indiana State prison†¦. â€Å"The Thief† Summary Socrates pays a visit to Iula's diner. He visits the diner at least once a month, on Tuesdays. Iula serves meatloaf on Tuesdays and that is one thing he is not able to make on his hotplate in his small home. Socrates has been out picking up bottles and cans. He does not like the way the men treat him at Crenshaw's. They make him wait, while they stand around telling jokes, and then they check every can and bottle before accepting them. After getting his money for the bottles and cans today, three men jump him.Socrates receives a cut on his wrist from a broken bottle, but otherwise he walks away the winner. Iula shows concern over his wrist. Socrates has already taken the time to stitch his slashed sleeve. Iula tells Socrates he has no business out there collecting bottles and cans and offers him a job†¦ â€Å"Double Standard† Summary Socrates is waiting for a bus. It is pouring rain, and the streets are mostly deserted. Across the street from the bus stop he sees two lovers standing under the ledge of an abandoned shop. Socrates imagines that the shop was once a bakery because of the blue and white checks on the window.He pictures the bakery full of hard working black people working long hours and earning good pay. Socrates tries to give the couple as much privacy as possible under the circumstances. Ralphie, according to the woman's passionate cries, i s on the heavy side. The girl is small and much younger. The girl's bus is coming down the street and the couple runs to the bus stop. When they do, Socrates finds out the girl's name is Linda. Ralphie does not want to let Linda go, but he finally releases her hand, and the bus drives off†¦ â€Å"Equal Opportunity† Summary Socrates is trying to get a job.He has been practicing how to ask for an application. After taking three different buses to get there, he walks into the Bounty Supermarket on Venice Boulevard. In his eyes, the store is a glittering palace with a religious feel. The everyday noises of the store all mesh together into a music that lulls Socrates. Socrates is approached by the Assistant Manager , Anton Crier. Socrates asks the man for an application. Anton stalls for a moment and then asks Socrates what kind of application he wants. Socrates tells him a job application and feels that the man is making him beg already. Anton then asks Socrates his age.Socr ates lets Anton know that it is illegal to discriminate based on color, sex, religion, infirmity or age. Anton tells Socrates that he knows that, but they do not have any openings at the†¦ â€Å"Marvane Street† Summary Darryl returns to visit Socrates. It is pouring rain, and the boy is cold and hungry. Socrates believes all eleven-year-old boys are hungry, especially when they are poor. Socrates feeds Darryl, and as the boy shovels the food into his mouth, Socrates feels the urge to slap and shake the skinny child. Socrates wishes a man had felt that type of love for him before he had gone wrong.He views Darryl as a troubled child; a lost soul who did wrong but doesn't fully know it. Darryl tells Socrates he has been having a recurring nightmare that keeps him from sleeping. In the nightmare, Darryl is in a large room with the lights out, but he is able to see the boy with the cut in his neck screaming and coming after him. Darryl always wakes up before the boy gets him , but he thinks that if the boy†¦ â€Å"Man Gone† Summary Corina Shakur shows up at Socrates' home looking for Howard. Corina is upset, because she and Howard had an argument the night before, and he has never stayed out all night.Socrates asks Corina what she and Howard fought about, and she tells him that she told Howard he should get a job at McDonald's or someplace until he can do computer operations. Howard has not had a job in nine months, and they have cut Corina's hours at work. When Socrates suggests that Howard is lazy, Corina defends him and says he is just proud. Socrates says that Howard is not too proud to let his wife bring in all the money. Socrates goes on to explain that black men are always complaining how hard things are for them, but they are too proud. Children and a loving woman are much better than pride.Socrates tells Corina that Howard†¦ â€Å"The Wanderer† Summary â€Å"The Wanderer† takes us back to Socrates' release from pr ison and his move to California. Socrates had his first fight in his new surroundings within a week of his prison release. A man by the name of Charles Rinnett was trying to impress his friends and chose to degrade Socrates in the process. In the end, Charles ended up being the one degraded. Socrates broke Charles' nose and knocked him to the ground three times before the man decided to stay down. Socrates sees Charles around Watts collecting bottles and cans.Charles has grown shabbier. Sometimes he wishes he could apologize to Charles for breaking his nose. He often has imaginary conversations with the man, trying to motivate him to do something with his life. In his conversations, Charles tells Socrates that they are both at the bottom of the white man's ladder, and neither one of them can climb†¦ â€Å"Lessons† Summary Darryl has moved in with Socrates. The two of them are sitting in a park waiting on Philip, a neighborhood gang banger, so that Darryl can confront him . Darryl is scared, but Socrates tells him that he has to do this.While they are waiting, Socrates tells Darryl that he had a dream about his momma. Darryl tells Socrates he has been dreaming about a naked Yvette Frank, telling him how much she likes him. Socrates says he is dreaming about manhood. When Philip shows up with two other thugs, Socrates leaves Darryl standing there alone. Philip takes the first swing at Darryl, but misses. Darryl hits Philip in the chin with a right cross, but it does not affect the gangbanger. As the fight intensifies, Socrates intervenes by knocking out and disarming the other two thugs.He then slaps a gun from Philip's hand and slaps him off of†¦ â€Å"Letter to Theresa† Summary Socrates is very sick with the intestinal flu. He has not been able to call in sick and is concerned about his job. He is not able to make it from one room to the other. All he can do is sleep and dream. He dreams of Theresa. The dream seems so real to him. In his dream, he comes home to her after being beaten badly. She comforts him until he falls asleep. When he wakes back up in the dream, she has bandaged his cuts. He looks into her eyes and sees every cut and bruise he has ever had in them.She wants to know when he is going to stop all of this. Theresa tells him she can't go on worrying and taking care of him. Socrates tries to tell her not to go, but he can't. Darryl then wakes him up asking him what he†¦ â€Å"History† Summary Socrates has been inside for three days watching riots on his muted television. He stays inside, not because of fear of what might happen to him, but because of fear of what he might do. â€Å"The smoke coming through the cracks in his apartment walls smelled of sweet revenge. † Everything that has happened to Socrates in the past wants out there on the streets, but he stays inside.While he is watching the television, he sees a billboard he is familiar with topple over. Socrates knows that the billboard is falling on top of a bookstore that he visited regularly when he first got out of prison. He had been waiting for his violence to bubble over and erupt until he visited the bookstore. The bookstore changed him. It was a place that he could read and talk with others without being chased out for not buying anything. â€Å"Firebug† Summary When Socrates visits Stony Wile's cousin, Folger gives Socrates a long lecture on the faults of the LAPD.Folger brings up the dozen fires that have been set. A squatter and his girlfriend were killed in the most recent fire. Some people are speculating that the fire department is setting the fires for the white landlords, but Folger thinks it is the Koreans trying to steal everything. Socrates tells Folger that he knows some real nice Koreans, and it is the businessmen, even black men, that want to steal everything. Folger believes the fires are a part of a conspiracy that goes all the way to the top, but Socrates says, â€Å"Mayb e it go to the heart, Mr. Wile. Socrates thinks that everything is rotten and that maybe burning it all down is the only way to straighten things out. Socrates asks a high school kid, Bruce Tynan, working with†¦ â€Å"Black Dog† Summary This chapter opens with Socrates standing before a judge. His attorney is stressing that Socrates has paid for his previous crimes and has been living a productive life on LA. The prosecutor is stressing that Socrates has killed in the past, and this is a violent crime that brings him before the judge. While Socrates is in the holding cell, he has to pass the holding cell's initiation.A baby faced man named Peters is harassing him. He chokes Peters to the brink of death and then releases him. A large, bearded black man by the name of Benny tells a curious guard that he was just showing Peters a trick. Peters nods that he is okay. Socrates has now established that he is not a man to be taken lightly. Socrates decides that Benny has appoint ed himself as leader. He knows he will have to go up against Benny†¦ â€Å"Last Rites† Summary Right Burke is dying a painful death from prostrate cancer. He is asking Socrates to get him a gun so that he can end his misery. Socrates is trying to talk Right out of it.He tells Right that he can't do that in Luvia's house. Right says that he can come to Socrates' house, but Socrates asks him how that would look to the police. Right then says he can go to the park, but Socrates tells him that he can barely walk to the end of the block, so he knows there is no way Right can make it to the park. Socrates visits Hogan's Snooker Room looking for Blackbird. Blackbird is a man that is probably as bad as Socrates, if not worse. The Snooker Room is a place to get illegal things and the police are paid their street insurance so there is never a problem†¦.

Critically review weiland and wisley's statement in the light of state Essay

Critically review weiland and wisley's statement in the light of state policies and intervention using a specified international event. (cricket world cup or th - Essay Example far less attention in countries with a far lesser fan following, would that not be enough reason to consider an unprejudiced analysis of the circumstances of sporting defeats? With the changing scenario in the cricket world, the major test playing nations are implementing strict policy measures and considering unorthodox methods to enhance the waning credibility of the sport. Clearly most of these tactics are designed to satisfy the incensed sports supporters – a strong opposition to contend with. Some of the most conservative national cricket boards and cricketing councils are compelled to take surprising stands, clearly out of desperation. It is quite evident that these strategies are a direct outcome of the open mass condemnation targeted at poor player performance. The International Cricket Council (ICC) is the international governing body of cricket. Founded as the Imperial Cricket Conference in 1909 by representatives from England, Australia and South Africa, it assumed its current name in 1989. With 97 members, 10 of which are official test match playing nations, the ICC controls and organises the major international tournaments, and appoints umpires and referees who officiate at all sanctioned international one-day and test matches. The ICC establishes and implements the ICC Code of Conduct, which puts forth the professional standards of discipline for international cricket, and also coordinates action against corruption and match fixing through its Anti-Corruption and Security Unit (ACSU). While the ICC d regulates international cricket, the national governing bodies of some of the highly regarded test playing nations include the BCCI (Board of Control for Cricket in India), PCB (Pakistan Cricket Board), ECB (England and Wales Cricket Board), and United Cricket Board (South Africa’s national cricket association). Some of the lesser-known cricketing nations also have established regulatory bodies including Ireland (Irish Cricket Union) and Holland.

Old Testament Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Old Testament - Essay Example Marvin Pope’s article on Euphemism elaborates the degree to which this played a role in both the New and the Old Testament. The article espouses the biblical usages of euphemism and dysphemism in a detailed manner, concluding with a note on the way the languages have grown from the biblical days. Kiyoshi K Sacon writes about the Japanese scholarship of the Old Testament with specific information on the early growth of Christianity in the Far East. Any reader would certainly know about the dedication of the early day post-apostolate period and how tough it had been to spread the religion in a land that was not particularly conducive for it. Though there are two articles on Sorcery and magic, the one by Joanne Kuemmerlin-McLean on Magic: Old Testament talks about the details of punishments and crimes of magic. Numerous articles address specific interest areas and common topics such as Jesus and spread of Christianity. The Anchor Bible Commentary Series has been taken for the current work. This book is a study of various books on the bible and bible classics; the commentaries of various scholars are included in the book. Edited by and guided by W F Albright and edited later by Freedman. This comprises of three basic units and every unit has a large number of volumes specifically addressing the books of interest. The first of the series comprises of volumes that cover the Hebrew Bible. The second set of books cover the New Testament and finally, the third set covers the Intertestamental Books. Though there are a huge number of books on every one of these classifications, a number of authors have contributed to cover all the major topics in these books. In the Old Testament, I chose the two volume commentary on Book of Proverbs, author: Michael V Fox. The first volume covers Proverbs 1-9, in this new translation and commentary. In page 79, the author talks of the Proverbs have, having stemmed

It isnt worth the trouble evaluating training; Go ahead and assign me Assignment

It isnt worth the trouble evaluating training; Go ahead and assign me to a control group - Assignment Example They are not enthusiastic about their job. This lack of motivation is demonstrated through negative reaction after the training. The employees show pessimism. This indicates unsettled issues. Some employees attend the training but fail to learn for the simple reason that they did not understand the skills, principals and the facts the trainer wanted them to, (DeSimone & Werner 2008). The behavior of the employees reveals that they never had any intention to change in the first place, (McLean & 2010). All this culminates to poor results even after heavy investments in training programs. This happens when organizations ignore vital aspects about the employees’ welfare. Most of these aspects cannot be addressed in training sessions. In some organizations, the leadership receives an extremely high salary while the ordinary workers receive extremely small salaries, (McLean & 2010). This difference causes an immense deal of the inequality, which kills motivation among workers. My or ganization evaluates training through a results oriented model. Improved results reveal that training was well received and understood. This includes improved turnovers and timely achievements of the targets, (DeSimone & Werner 2008). The use of structured control and experimental groups is a model for evaluating the impact of training, (McLean & 2010). It is in order to train some workers and leave others without training. The group that receives training is referred to as the experimental group while the group that goes without training is called a control group, (DeSimone & Werner 2008). The composition of these groups is quite random and, therefore similar. Then the relevant indicators of success are taken from both groups before and after the training, (McLean & 2010). If the experimental group performs better them the training was successful. The assumption here is that if the training is considered successful, the organizations can in future a

Best Practice, Best Fit and Resource View of the firms analysis for Essay

Best Practice, Best Fit and Resource View of the firms analysis for relevance - Essay Example But these new concepts definitely did one thing, forced the organizations to focus on a neglected area. Similar is the case with "Best Practice", "Best Fit" and "Resource View of the Firms". The three concepts led to awakening which provided insights into organizations themselves on practices, organizational variables and the organizational resources respectively. Best Practice term arrived in the 1990s when the entire world of organizations were in a flux, the world became unipolar and the resources deployed hitherto for anticipated war between two poles of the world were suddenly available for better use, for business and the core of business is essentially the needs, desires of human beings and the ability to fulfill them. The geographical boundaries had suddenly collapsed and the resulting globalization created aggregation of these needs, desires and the abilities to fulfill them, unleashing a state of huge threats and huge opportunities. A plethora of business concepts arrived on the scene, quickly delivered by ICT elements across a wider spectrum of organizations. Best Practice concept was one of them. The search of reasons or factors behind a superlative performance led to a process-by-process analysis and its comparison with the more successful companies. Best practice is essentially kno... It is a quest for improvement through the use of experience behind creating a better practice by others. The comparison could be either through unstructured or structured mechanisms, documents, interactions. Benchmarking encompasses best practices and best practice results are the starting point in improvement through benchmarking partnerships. Normally two organizations enter into benchmarking partnerships and try to transfer the best practices from one context to another. It starts with regular comparison of performance measures in identified areas and when it is found that performance of some parameters is quite high, a detailed analysis is carried out to find out how it is done and what is the practice being adopted to achieve that superior result. Now the key is to understand and implement that practice, leading to closer people to people interactions, depending on the understanding and enthusiasm of the implementing organization. Another approach seen regarding best practice is industry or sector specific associations engaged in sharing and exchanging of data, experiences in seminars or workshops to facilitate the growth of the industry itself through capture of best practice and disseminating the same. The approach has definitely helped organizations to see the organizational activities in terms of a set of practices and look the process-wise comparison with others. The practice of comparison came down to the level of practices. Best Practice Blues There have been significant activities in the efforts to capture best practices from other sources and deploy in the own context. There are reasons to say that these efforts did not get a fair amount of success except the possible benefit of communicating a comparative message that someone

Critical evaluate (debate) the positive (good) and negative (bad) Essay

Critical evaluate (debate) the positive (good) and negative (bad) influence of knowledge management and organizational learning to an organization to form competitive advantage - Essay Example nt position in this as they are the real â€Å"knowledge producers† and hence any new knowledge that a company looks for is produced courtesy through these people. (Rocca, 1992) Competitive success is basically commanded by the companys capability to harness and indeed develop new forms of knowledge, gained either by observation or by experience attained, which can be called as assets that in turn create the required â€Å"core competencies† of the said organization. (Sims, 2002) While these competencies do exist in many forms, learning on the part of a particular company plays a pivotal role, which eventually ventures into other resources of knowledge to generate high-class and exceptional showing from the company’s employees. (Dunn, 2001) Core competencies, which usually flow out of a company, provide characteristic benefits to both the customers as well as any other individuals attached with it. These are generally espied as being the foundation of forming a competitive advantage within the said company. (Chang, 2001) It is quite true that there is a host of ways in which new knowledge within a company is facilitated within its ranks. The need here is to classify them with respect to their importance, which include the cultural infrastructure can be changed within a company so as to gather some proportion to the fact of the actual remains that have to be taken care of in the company and in its employees’ minds. It demands idealization and disclosure of everlasting knowledge that is created over a certain period of time. This usually requires basic changes to already set cultural notions in companies and more so in the minds of their employees. (Fahy, 1996) Also operational infrastructure is changed through human resources organizational practices that are managed and received by the employees and other people in a different way altogether. A basic revamping of a knowledge-centered company is required here, which would involve the job ladders, compensations,

Power in Language and Culture Essay Example for Free

Power in Language and Culture Essay Power is considered to be the anthem of success-whoever holds power holds ascendancy over the society. However, whomever has ascendency over that society has to have means of communicating to the inferior. The way rulers communicate to their inferiors is a key part of society, and dictates the syntax of the language. Therefore power reflects on the flexibility and structure of the language. In Mrs. Bradys class lectures describing The History of the English language she states that before Viking invasions the Pagan Anglo-Saxon language consisted mainly of religious, domestic and mundane words such as fork, mile, table, alter, mass and chool. In 1066 A. D Norman Vikings overtook the society and added new words such as scream, take and skull these words allowed for aggression in the culture. Along with the aggressive word change the Vikings also degraded Anglo-Saxon words creating synonyms that now have a more powerful meaning for example the Anglo- Saxon word wish and the Norman word want. Customarily the Vikings were very hostile and aggressive people and their contributions to the English language reflect their virulent ways. The Vikings were able to harness their power to create a lasting nfluence on the language and culture of the inferior societies they overtook. Modern English is currently the connecting language used world-wide to communicate. It is described as dominate for many reasons in The Mother Tongue. A specific example given by Bill Bryson is a ited factor in setting English apart from other languages is flexibility. In the United States, Americans give respect where it is needed; there is no hierarchy where respect or a certain dialect is required to talk to another person. The fact that American culture is not based around power allows the language to have versatility. The government is people-based; the power granted to Americans through the constitution allows for variety and freedom of speech. For example female rights activists are able to speak o ut against misogynist beliefs. Though the power structure in America is composed of mostly men, women are unaffected by it, and are still able to speak out against the gender that makes up the majority of the government. American feminism is a prime example of how the power structure can have no effect on the language due to its basis on freedom and equality. In Outliers, chapter seven The Ethnic Theory of Plane Crashes, Malcom Gladwell describes the errible crash of Korean Airlines Flight 801 in 1997 caused by lack of communication through pilots. Unlike our American government Korea has different expectations for their language. It demands that members of higher rank be addressed properly. Not allowing for casual non-specific terms such as you. Koreans are obliged to be deferential toward their elders and superiors in a way that would be unnecessary in the U. S. Koreans must show respect for the people that hold power therefore speaking monotone causing serious situations to sound less urgent then they actually are. Another example of powers influence on language and culture is the example of Chris Langan vs. Robert Oppenheimer: Here we have two very brilliant young students, each of whom runs into a problem that imperils his college career. Langans mother has missed a deadline for his financial aid. Oppenheimer has tried to poison his tutor. To continue on, they are required to lead their cases to authority. sent to a psychiatrists. Oppenheimer and Langan might both be geniuses, but in other ways, they could not be more different (98). Oppenheimer grew up amongst a surplus of power, and so it affected the way that he spoke. He knew how to speak so hat he could get the most effect out of his words, and thus the power worked as an advantage to him and the way he uses language. Langan, in contrast, grew up extremely impoverished. He only had one set of clothes, his mother knew nothing about the way the world worked outside of their small town in Montana, and his step- father was an alcoholic and abuser. There was no positive form of power surrounding him, and thus his language skills were insufficient when he tried to convince his superiors to renew his scholarship. In social class structures there is power that either works to the advantage or disadvantage of the language. In George Orwells dystopian fiction novel 1984 the totalitarian government formats a society in which all members of the party are brain washed. In the appendix of the book Orwell discusses the importance the language, Newspeak, plays on the society. Euphony outweighed every consideration other than exactitude of meaning, (pg308) The language created by Ingsoc, called Newspeak, was used against the population in order to keep power. Newspeak was made up of doublethink words such as blackwhite and goodthink this made it impossible for the society to bond and connect with one another due to lack of cadence and meaning. Using language as a tool to control the culture rid society of their independence to think freely, ultimately turning them into mindless slaves of the government. A real-world example of a totalitarian societies control over language is Hitlers Nazi Germany. The Nazi regime aspired to inflict the same control over the people as Ingsoc did. In Mein Kampf Adolf Hitler states: The chief function of propaganda is to convince the masses, who slowness of understanding needs to be given time in order that they may absorb information; and only constant repetition will finally succeed in imprinting an idea on heir mind .. the slogan must of course be illustrated in many ways and from several angles, but in the end one must always return to the assertion of the same formula. The one will be rewarded by the surprising and almost incredible results that such a personal policy secures. Culturally, the Nazi regime was anti-modern. Censorship and propaganda ensured that Germans could only see what the Nazi hierarchy wanted people to see, hear what they wanted them to hear and read only what the Nazis deemed acceptable. Ultimately giving the Nazis full control over the mindset of their people. Forcing them to perceive that what they were doing was correct and thus socially acceptable. Moreover, whoever holds ascendancy over a culture has the ability to modify and manipulate the language however they want. Language can be used as a tool to gain power, or the people in power can use it as a tool to keep power. It can also be an effect rather than a cause; the way that power is exercised can have an indirect effect on the language. Whether direct or indirect, power has a lasting and critical impact on the language of any culture where a power structure is present.